Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Building believable characters
Not all characters, no matter how well-portrayed will not resonate with every reader. But as writers we strive to accomplish this feat.
When I first started out writing and attended workshops, I gathered form after form of character building. Which I never did really fill out. Now, I'm not saying that the forms weren't helpful. Reading through them made me aware of the many aspects of building a character. Yes, physical description is important. The characters traits, habits, likes and dislikes are all important. But it wasn't until I was given a book by another writer that I really thought WOW, now this is how you build believable characters.
The book was Goal, Motivation, and Conflict by Deb Dixon, romance author.
Awesome book. Awesome concept.
This past Saturday I attended an all day workshop with Deb as the speaker on GMC. I'd never heard her in person give a workshop. I must say it was one of the best I've attended in along time.
Her GMC books is still available.
So if you haven't ever heard of GMC, you're probably wondering what that is.
Goal= there are two types, External is what each character in your story wants to obtain. The goal can change as the story progress but it is what drives the plot. OR Internal is what the character feels she/he needs in order to be happy and this drives the emotional journey.
Motivation = External Motivation is the driving force behind the characters desire to obtain said goal. This can be from the characters backstory, childhood, or more recently and can stem from a catalyst event. The Internal Motivation most often will stem from the characters backstory ranging from childhood to a most recent emotional upset in the characters life.
Conflict= External is the forces that try to prevent the characters from reaching their goal. Internal is a bit more complicated. The conflict will arise out of opposition to the goal.
An example:
My upcoming July 2008 book, Double Jeopardy
The external goal for the heroine is to testify agaisnt a murderer.
The external motivation is she witnessed her bosses murder.
The external conflict is the murderer is trying to kill her before she can testify.
The internal goal for the heroine is to be valued
The internal motivation is she was one of six kids born to neglectful parents.
The conflict is she refuses getting emotionally involved with anyone because she fears rejection
Of course knowing all this must then be translated to the page and sprinkled throughout the story. An easier said than done feat. But it is doable and will enrich your characters and your story. Go get Deb's book. You won't be disappointed.
Happy writing.
Monday, January 21, 2008
Saturday in the Park

Our church is trying something different, for them at least. Here in the greater Phoenix area, we're spread out. The average drive time to church is roughly 21 minutes (I'm 15, so I guess you'd call it close). They've made life groups. I've been to churches that have done this. It's actually a pretty good idea. So, my family is in life group number two. This could be a problem since in group number two there's my two-year-old son, and the next kid is a female teenager. It's not. The group leader has her daughter - who attends a different church - come along, and now my son has playmates when we do outings :) Above, see my Mikey and his friend Hannah. They're drawing in the mud. We went to the Boyce Thompson Arboretum State Park in Superior, Arizona. Our day was spent picnicking (drawing in the mud) and then exploring. We walked and explored and had a blast.

There were waterfalls and a pond. There were paths that narrowed and paths that had drop-offs (with fences). My favorite adventure was a place called the rock house. In the middle of nowhere, this family somehow carved a home in the side of a cliff. There were three jagged rooms. And, in the early 1900's, a family of five lived and farmed there.
Let's see, what else am I doing. I'm on book three of my seven Rita books. I'm almost done with the baby blanket I was making for Krista Stroever but didn't finish in time. I'm finishing up a proposal for a three book series (crossing my fingers). And, I'm thinking about trying to make homemade potato soup.
Sunday, January 20, 2008
TENSION....just what the doctor ordered?
Tension in real-life isn't healthy. Tension in a novel, however, is what triggers readers to keep turning pages, and it adds interest and spice to any story. Not just suspense, fantasy, sci-fi, or mystery--it's good writing in general.
Subplots help keep the tension (and level of interest) going all the way through. If one phase of a subplot is resolved, something else needs to take over--the main external conflict, or the relationship between the hero and heroine. Something else to keep the reader on the edge of her seat!
Give the reader tension over stakes that not only matter, but that are increasing, and you've given her a story worth reading. Anything else will be too boring to hold her attention.
A hint--beware the lack of white space. Count the number of pages you go without dialogue. If you go more than a couple, you should probably take a hard look at what is happening. Are you telling information instead of showing action and conflict and emotion through the on-scene interactions of your characters? Droning on and on about backstory? Long passages of narrative, unless done very skillfully, are what readers skip! This is one of the most glaring technical flaws that I see when I judge contests--and it’s the easiest to fix!
How many of you have read Gone with the Wind? How many times? After a few times, did you start skipping any parts? GWTW is an amazing novel on many levels, but if you did start to skip any passages after reading it more than once, I'll lay odds that it was the long passages of narrative. The first few times, I re-read it all. An amazing book....but , then, I started reading for the wonderful characters and the emotion and conflicts.
Roxanne Rustand
Friday, January 18, 2008
Untanging Writer's Block
Take this week, I'm working on the third book for Steeple Hill, the reunion story of Cash and Serena Montgomery. I'm having a blast, it's suspenseful, it's romantic and I'm stuck. I'm stuck just like a thread of yarn in a skein that won't release it.
On occasion this happens to me. It get frustrated and try to work through it, only to resolve myself to having to pull away from the computer and plot. I do a lot of plotting in my head in the early stages of a manuscript. I always convince myself that I can keep it nice and tidy there. Unfortunately, I'm always wrong. I hate plotting unless I already know where I'm going and it's just an easy jotting down of notes in order. This time, I have to loose ends that need to be weaved in and old characters to reintroduce and I have to make sure that suspense, the faith element and the romance are giving their due.
This is what I do. I take a blank sheet of paper and fold it in half and then again so that when I open it, I have 4 equal columns. I use this for my 4 act structure. Then I start plugging in what I know about the story. I try to keep it brief because I'm only giving myself a roadmap here. I'm not writing the synopsis. I'm a puzzle writer, so I write everything out of order. (Using pencil helps. Sometimes things get put in the wrong place.) When I'm done, I can quickly see where the holes of my story are and where I have to add or rearrange scenes.
For me, getting my story tangled up is always the result of me not doing my plotting chart. After 16 manuscripts, you'd think I'd learn. In the end, I fall back on my tried and true approach and get back to writing, which is where I'm going now.
Until next time, many blessings to you all,
Lisa Mondello
Thursday, January 17, 2008
Review: First the Dead

Tim Downs is back with another Bug Man Novel, First the Dead! I cheered as soon as I heard he was bringing Nick Polchak back as the main character in a novel. If you’ve read Chop Shop and Shoo Fly Pie, then you know why I was so excited. If you haven’t, race out and get those books now! (You can read the first chapters of all his books on Tim's website.)
Nick Polchak is like Grissom from CSI: Consumed by his job, dedicated to finding the truth, and unable to let go once he’s on the trail of a murderer. This time Nick is headed to New Orleans hours ahead of Hurricane Katrina. While everyone else is focused on taking care of the living first, Nick wants to ensure no murders are covered up by the hurricane. Once he finds his first body that clearly wasn’t killed in the hurricane, he’s off to the races, with all his idiosyncrasies kicking into high gear.
With this novel, I anticipated who the bad guys were from about page 100, but that didn’t keep me from flying through the novel. I couldn’t imagine how Tim would pull it altogether. Even as I began to figure it out, I was drawn in by his tight plotting and great writing style.
Tim is one of those authors who pours on the description where it will help the story and backs off where it would only bog things down. His main characters are multi-dimensional and complex. If this is your first novel with Nick, you may wonder whether you’re supposed to love or hate him. If it’s your third, you’ll love the way Tim adds depth to his development.
While published by a Christian publisher, this book (and others by Tim) do not contain a shoe-horned in spiritual plot. Instead, the book is all about the story – and it’s another great one.
If you like tight suspense that keeps you guessing, even as you begin to figure out who did it, you’ll like this book.
Wednesday, January 16, 2008
Maass: Chapter Two
In Chapter Two, Maass deals with Multidimensional Characters. He asks us to count--yes, actually go through our manuscripts, highlight and then tally--the various sides of our character. He cautions that, while we may THINK our hero is complex, in reality we may not have shown that on the written page.
Then Maass takes it one step farther. Identify our character's defining quality and write a paragraph that demonstrates the opposite quality. Can that be included in the manuscript? If so, that contrast reveals our character's humanity and allows the reader to identify more strongly with him/her.
In my current work in progress I have a scene where the hero, a very take-charge guy, reveals a fear that has held him back. Perhaps I can compare and contrast those conflicting qualities to drive home the point and ensure the reader realizes the internal struggle that conflict has caused my character.
And the heroine? Well, I need to think about her. Let's work on adding more dimension to our characters in the days ahead. I won't be here next Wednesday, but I'll be back the following week. Until then, happy writing!
Wishing you abundant blessings!
Debby
Tuesday, January 15, 2008
Researching the Suspense Novel
The first is titled, Police Procedure and Investigation: A guide for writers, by Lee Lofland. This is a terrific, easy to grasp and usable book that brings a realness to the suspense aspect of a story. This book covers not only the procedural aspects of a crime but gives insight in to ways to bring the dry details of a suspense thread to life, from the crime, the investigation to the trial. I highly recommend this book.
The second book I've recently aquired and am now starting to read through is not for the faint at heart. The title, Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactic, Procedures and Forensic Techniques: Fourth Edition by Vernon Geberth, is a no nonsense guide that is used by law enforcement agencies throughout the country. Though not written for writers, this book is easy to follow with detailed analayze for a processing a crime. But a word of caution, there are gruesome pictures and accounts of crimes that made my stomach roll. I thought I was pretty desensitized by TV and movies, but not so.
Another book that I've used for a book that I recently wrote was WITSEC:Inside the Witness Protection Program by Pete Earley and Gerald Shur (the Founder of WITSEC). This book gave a glimpse into the life of the witness which for my purposes was exactly what I need. The book provided the procedural aspects of the US Marshals service that gave my book realism.
Of course you can do all the research in the world and have the details spot on, but if the characters aren't believable, then nothing else matters.
Next week I'll talk about building believable characters.
New Tool for Readers

ACFW has developed a wonderful new tool for readers. Check here to see what it's all about.
If you follow the link, you will see a new section for readers. It has three basic components right now, but we fully expect those to expand in the next year.
1) Genre list. This tool was unveiled in paper at the Mall of America signing. My sister Janna Ryan, who many of you met at the conference or know from her blog, put lots of hours into this project for us -- and she's not even a member! This list is by no means exhaustive, but it is a great place to start if you know people who are looking for new authors to try. You can also show it to bookstores...my local store has laminated the fliers from the MOA signing and posted them in the fiction section. Imagine if even 100 bookstores did that!
2) There is the author list/database that was unveiled last month. This allows you to enter an author's name and get a short sentence about what they write as well as a link to their website and shoutlife page.
3) There is a list of books divided by social issue. Periodically we'll see requests to the loop for books that deal with abortion, divorce, etc. Well, Advisory Board member Deborah Raney has kindly allowed us to post her list that has been developed over time.
So if you're looking for new authors to try or new books to read, check out this resource!
Monday, January 14, 2008
Out With the Old; In With the New
As soon as my husband moves the futon frame, I'm moving my three dusty exercise bikes to the spot. Maybe then I'll use them (I reeeaallly need to use them). Then, unfortunately, I'll tackle the books. The Internet has made most of my resource books unnecessary. I keep them because I love the feel and look. I'm also going to get rid of the books I've read. The chances of me reading them again are pretty slim (I, of course, will not get rid of my Anne of Green Gables or Little House on the Prairie books). You know, if I read a book a day (from my TBR piles) and I lived to be a hundred, I'd not make it through the books I've got stacked waiting for me to read
After I do the book reduction, I'm opening the closet that is currently blocked by the stacks of books. I sorta know what's inside.
Books.
Sunday, January 13, 2008
Welcome, from Sunday's Craft Lady!
Hello, again,
I absolutely love his book. I marked up my first copy so much that I finally had to buy a second one! So make sure you come back and see what Debby has to say about his wonderful techniques, in the coming weeks. I sure will be--it's always great to have a chance to learn more!
Last time, I suggested trying to coming up with five or six progressively more dramatic events leading to the big, climactic action you expect to have at the end of your story. It's a great way to start laying out your book. And, I mentioned that this works whether this is a suspense or a straight romance, or even a light-hearted romp, because "worsening events" can be anything from humorous/embarrassing situations, to a killer on the prowl.
Roxanne
Saturday, January 12, 2008
Change is never easy...
It reminded me about how much I have a love/hate relationship with change. While change can be exciting, new directions, new ways of looking at something, there is definitely something comfortable about the familiar. If I hadn't just come off a marathon week of revisions on my next book, Her Only Protector, I'm not sure I would feel quite as strong about not wanting change. When I'm writing, my characters become so real to me that the thought of changing them in any way feels like I'm violating some deep part of them. Cutting out scenes, changing motivation, rewriting scenes I'd come to love is sometimes painful. In the end, I've trusted my editor to show me the way, let me see things from a different perspective and learn something new about my story and my characters. That change is good. It doesn't always feel good when it's happening, but it ends up good for the story.
So while I sit here sad that the editor who saw me through my first Steeple Hill book and part of my second is leaving me, I am exciting about the changes she has coming up in her life and about developing a new relationship with my new editor. Jessica, if you are reading this, I will miss you, but I wish you all the best. Elizabeth, I can't wait to meet you and work on many manuscripts for Steeple Hill with you.
Until next week, many blessings to you all, Lisa
Thursday, January 10, 2008
I Saw Deadly Exposure at cbd.com!!!

Yeah! This weekend I was exploring the web in the middle of writing and discovered Deadly Exposure is up on cbd.com. I almost cried when I saw it there. This is the very first book I wrote when God finally whispered in my heart that it was time to start writing. Folks who read the early versions could tell you how, umm, interesting the first, second, and third iterations were. I had a lot to learn, but God put wonderful people in my path to teach me. My editor at Steeple Hill could tell you how much work we had to do on it once she agreed to buy it. Though it was a ton of work, I am thrilled with the final result.
I've wanted to write suspense for years. Think Mary Higgins Clark flavor. And this book is close and one hope you'll enjoy. Keep your eyes open. It releases in May.
When a murder took place in the theater box next to TV news reporter Dani Richards, she was completely shocked. She hadn't heard or seen a thing. And when her coverage of the story led the killer to stalk her, police officer Caleb Jamison-Dani's ex-flame-insisted on protecting her. Should she let him close again.or risk her life with a killer?
Isn't the cover cool!
Wednesday, January 9, 2008
Lessons from Donald Maass
Over the years, the text has gathered dust, and I've long forgotten most of the tips he shared either at the workshop and in his book. A dear friend Sharon Yanish, who has since moved to the good life in sunny Florida, invited DM to do a workshop for her local Southwest Florida chapter, scheduled for January 26th. Sharon's a big fan of Maass' technique, and she insisted his workbook was better than the book. So this year I dropped a few hints to hubby, AKA Santa, that the workbook would be a nice Christmas surprise. Thus the reason I made a resolution on January 2nd to incorporate some of DM's tips and techniques into my 2008 writing.
Long story to get to the point. I'll be blogging about what I've read and what I've learned over the next few weeks. If you're a Maass junkie or just interested in what I've picked up from his exercises, tune in on Wednesdays.
His first lesson focuses on heroes! He suggests writing down the names of our own personal heroes and then determining what characteristics or qualities make that person stand out.
Of course, that got me thinking. My hero? Well, hubby, naturally. But also my son. He's a Captain in the US Army, slotted to be promoted to Major in February. He attended North Georgia College and State University, a four-year military college, and was commissioned in the Army upon graduation. Just a year later, he was on his way to Kosovo to help the folks in that war-torn country. Later, he had a three-year tour in Germany where he fell in love with the country and its people. After a short time home for Ranger School, Jump School (He was the top graduate in his class.) and Airborne School, he was deployed to Iraq with the 101st Airborne. A little over a year after he returned home, he was heading back to Iraq for a second tour. Despite separation from friends and family, he never complains. I know his "can do" attitude is not unique in the military. Most of our wonderful guys and gals in uniform have the same optimism and sense of duty, honor, country that defines my son. But he's closest to my heart and, therefore, my biggest hero.
Next, DM notes the importance of having our protagonist act heroically in the first scene. Then we need to include at least six more situations where he/she can demonstrate those qualities as the story progresses toward the climax.
Okay, I'm off to review the book I'm working on now to ensure my main character is heroic. Thanks, DM, for some great tips!
Wishing you abundant blessings!
Debby
Research: an interesting past time
Research, fun and fascinating but time consuming.
Monday, January 7, 2008
Every Writer Should Have a Cat
This is where the cat comes in. I have a cat named Pricilla. She's from my single days and actually has seniority over husband and kid, which she does not hesitate to use: my chair, my spot on the bed. Her job is to make sure I get up around 6ish and write. If I don't, she cries and cries and cries.
If she were younger, I'd be tossing her outside. But in human years, she's over 20. I don't know, she was grown when I got her, and I've had her 18 years. In kitty years, she's at least 140. So, I don't toss.
Getting me out of bed to write is her only constructive contribution to my writing. She does contribute in other less constructive ways. For example, she leaves cat hair on my desk (sometimes ickier things). Often, while I in deep writing mode, she'll sit on hand or walk across my keyboard. I just know occasionally, my editor finds this in the middle of a sentence. They ran across the room, two souls, meeting as o6hibne.
I can only hope my editor has a cat!
Sunday, January 6, 2008
Hi!
Once you create your characters, giving them flaws and strengths and back stories and personalities that are real, they essentially take on a life of their own. It's a strange concept to readers, I imagine, but if the author then tries to make these characters blithely say and do things in opposition to who those characters are (just because its convenient to the author for this to happen) it will ring false. Jarring the readers' expectations in this way is going to pull them out of the story. Yes--your characters can make mistakes. They can be forced by circumstances to do something they don't want to do (great inner conflict!) Your heroine can dissemble, or do something recklessly...even lie, if the reader sees strong motivation behind it. But dropping in language or actions that are totally out of character, and for no good reason, will make her far less real. How many books have you tossed aside after becoming irritated with the main characters for being "too dumb to live" or for coming across like cardboard?
Back to planning out a story....how much do you plan ahead? Do you sit down and just write (seat-of-the-pants), or are you a plotter, who plans everything carefully first? Something in-between? I try to work out a very simple "Plot Spine" that shows me where I think I will end up....and try to list the key, progressive turning points between the beginning and the end. As I mentioned above, things may totally change. But...it can help me see where I'm headed! A simple road map means less chance for time-consuming detours and false turns.
Consider trying this. For the
Friday, January 4, 2008
Yet More New Year's Resolutions...
So here it goes. These are my New Year's goals for 2008:
1. Take a little time for myself. I've been blessed this year to have a lot of success with my writing and my freelance copywriting business. Unfortunately, it's taken me away from doing some of the things I enjoy. Being the mom to 4 teenagers means I already have a lot on my plate, so it's easy to forget there is a "me" in my list of things to do. So my goal is to take 1 hour per day just for myself to do what I want. Whether that is to read a book, watch a movie with the kids or plant in my garden (when spring comes) doesn't matter.
2. Finish writing the third book in my series following Cradle of Secrets and Her Only Protector. So far, I'm finding Cash Montgomery to be the most romantic of the bunch. I'm a major sap for reunion stories too!
3. Draft the proposal for a new series for Steeple Hill Love Inspired Suspense. I'd like to have the idea for at least 3 more books and have the proposals written for at least 2 of them.
4.) Number 4 is more of a hope than a goal since anything beyond the writing is out of my control. I'm hoping that Steeple Hill decides to publish Fly Away Home, a proposal I've submitted to them already. Wish me luck. While I love writing suspense, I do enjoy writing straight contempory stories as well. This is one of the reason why I was so excited when I sold to Steeple Hill. They publish contempory romance, romantic suspense, women's fiction and historical romances. How can you not find a wonderful inspirational book to read with so much to offer?
5. Personal goal: Write down all the stories my mother in law has told me over the twenty years I've known my husband's family. See, my mother in law and father in law grew up in World War II Germany. Their extraordinary stories of love, friendship, faith, struggle, survival and heartache about what they lived through propelled them to come to America. These stories are my husband and children's family history, something I'd like to preserve for them. I've often thought of trying to write down these stories and put them into a historical romance set in WWII. Who knows, maybe I will some day. For now, I want to make sure these stories are not lost and that my children understand what their Oma and Opa went through to bring them to freedom.
That's all for now. I have a lot of work ahead of me. But I don't mind. I'm one of the lucky ones to have been blessed with being able to do what I love doing. Writing wonderful stories that I can share with others.
Many blessings to you, Lisa Mondello
Thursday, January 3, 2008
You Never Know Who You'll Meet
Over Christmas, it was great to be home again in North Platte, Nebraska. We put almost 2,000 miles on the car between December 22nd and this morning when the wheels hit the driveway. I loved every moment with family, but it was incredibly sweet to watch Grandpa (Willard from Canteen Dreams) give Grandma (Audrey from Canteen Dreams) her first roses from him -- 61 years into their marriage! I guess he didn't give her flowers on her birthday like the Willard in the book did!I also had the amazing honor of meeting Mrs. Ethel Butolph, one of the ladies who met her
husband through the popcorn balls that were distributed at the North Platte Canteen during World War Two. She saw my interview during the 11:30 news show on KNOP (click the link to read about the book-signing) and came to my book-signing.While it had been a blast being back at KNOP -- where I worked for two years in college -- Mr. Carlini was there and regaled Eric and me with just a couple of his World War Two stories. I have a sneaking suspicion more than one will find it's way into the future World War Two books I hope to write. But it was absolutely incredible to meet Mrs. Butolph! Then she invited me to her house to listen to some songs written by Ms. BJ Bjorkman about the North Platte Canteen and her popcorn ball. Such fun!
Walking through her home, sitting down chatting with her, it was incredible! I guess you'd have to be a history buff to understand how huge this is! One of my regrets is that I didn't get the green light or idea from God five or ten years earlier to write these World War Two stories. Then I could have attended veterans reunions and met more of the people who lived the experiences I try to bring to life in my books.
Yet with each book God has allowed me to connect with at least one person who did live it. With Canteen Dreams it was a long phone conversation with a veteran who passed through the North Platte Canteen five times during the war and still vividly remembered each 20-40 minute stop. With Sandhill Dreams, it was spending a day with Thomas Bueckner, who while he didn't live the war, he'd invested years of his life talking to the men who did and knew their stories like his own. And now, while I race to deadline for Captive Dreams, I meet Mrs. Butolph. While her story has nothing to do with Captive Dreams, it reignites that fire of passion that I'll need to make Captive Dreams the absolute best book that I can before I turn it in on January 15th.So if you think of it, pray that I'll have a burst of creativity, passion, and endurance to finish this race well -- and it will be a race. But it's one I want to run in a way that honors God fully.
Wednesday, January 2, 2008
We're into the New Year!
A recent article published in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution claimed fewer and fewer folks set New Year's resolutions, and of those, only about 8% achieve their goals. According to the AJC piece, our New Year's resolutions should be specific, set within a certain time frame, and while challenging, they should also be attainable. Internal motivation is the key to commitment. Writing goals or resolutions down and reviewing them often within the set time limit helps ensure we remain focused and on track.
So what are your goals for 2008?
To write a set number of words each day? To finish a book? To send in a proposal or query or finished manuscript?
My writing goals include, finishing the first book in my Magnolia Medical series by my February deadline, completing the second book in the series a few months later, brainstorming book three and submitting the completed manuscript to my editor by the end of the year. My hubby gave me Donald Maass' WRITING THE BREAKOUT NOVEL WORKBOOK for Christmas, so another goal is to incorporate some of his techniques into my writing.
Personal goals? Exercise and watch what I eat, of course! But also, increase my daily time for prayer. Be open to the Lord's will for my life. Respond to the needs of those around me.
A number of years ago, I made a commitment to pray for my readers each day, and that includes you. Hope you can feel the prayers!
Good luck setting your goals for 2008!
Wishing you abundant blessings in the New Year!
Debby
Goals for 2008
I wonder why I write the goals down anyway?
I believe in the power of the written word. If I commit something to paper, I believe it is also imprinted in my mind. So even though my list may never be looked at again I have the memory and subconsciously am working toward my goals. I write short term goals, ones easily obtained within a reasonable amount of time. I write medium goals that may take longer and require more of my time and energy. And I also write long term goals that may not see fruition within the year, but that I continue to work toward and they may be continued from year to year.
I'll share a few of my short and medium goals with you. Long term goals are best kept to one's self.
Some short term goals this year are:
take a ballroom dance class with my husband
exercise at least three times a week
organize my office
organize a dinner for the published authors in my local RWA chapter
Some of my medium goals are:
finish the books now in progress
plan a family vacation
lose atleast ten pounds
learn to play the paino
Take a moment and think about your goals for the year 2008.
Write them down somewhere and remember, even if you never look at them again, you will subconsciously be working toward them.
May the Lord bless you this year.